Grande Mosquée de Ramla (696/1296)
Localisation : actuelle rue Shlomo HaMelech, à l'est du marché (plan n°15).
Réf :
Clermont-Ganneau (1896), II, p.119-122
Conder/Kitchener
(1881), II, p.269-270
Enlart (1925), II,
p.329-335
Guérin (1868), I, p.37-39
Meinecke (1992), 10/17, 9C/45
RCEA 5029, 5342
Petersen/Pringle (2021), n°1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Tütünçü (2008),
n°231, 232, 234, 235
Historique
L’église des Croisés[1] a été transformé en mosquée pour le compte du sultan al-‘Adîl Kitbugha en 696/1296, (avant qu’il ne renonce au trône le 27 muharram 696/25.XI.1296). Cette transformation, datée par l’inscription à l’est, est réalisée sous la conduite de ‘Ali ibn Khalîl (ill.12). Un minaret est ajouté en 714/1314-1315, sous le règne du sultan al-Nâsir Muhammad, par le gouverneur de la province de Gaza Sanjâr al-Jawlî (1e mandat de dhu’l-hijja 712/avril 1313 au 28 sha’ban 720/3.X.1320)[2]. Les travaux sont confiés à Hasan ibn Ilyas al-Salawî. Le minaret actuel, de forme cylindrique, n’est pas d’origine (ill.3)[3]. L’ancienne entrée au sud est bouchée (ill.8) et un mihrâb a été creusé dans le mur, l’accès se faisant dorénavant par l’ouest (ill.2).
Il semblerait que les inscriptions, aujourd’hui sur le portail ouest, ne soient pas à leurs emplacements d’origines, ainsi le décret daté 876/1471 (ill.5) se trouvait sur la façade nord[4]. On trouve aussi sur cette façade nord une inscription datée 666/1268 concernant la mosquée al-Abyad et un décret non daté (ill.13).
Epigraphie
666/1268. Texte de construction de la Mosquée al-Abyad, 4 lignes à droite sur le mur nord de la salle de prière de la GM (ill.13, 14)[5].
« In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate. Only he shall inhabit
God’s places of worship who believes in God and the Last Day (Qurʾān
9.18). God, having decided to exercise His judgment, decided
in His foresight to permit His ready and trusted
servant, who relies on Him
to provide for him, who fights for Him, protector of the religion of
His prophet, and who loves Him and is His friend,
the illustrious great
sultan, the warrior, the defender of the borders, the
fighter at the frontier, the raider, pillar of the world and the faith
(Rukn al-Dunya waʾl-Dīn), sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Baybars son of ʿAbdallāh,
associate of the Commander of the Faithful
[i.e. the caliph], who came
from the land of Egypt with his victorious
army on the 10th of the month
of Rajab i, resolved to conduct holy war
and combat the infidels and resisters.
He descended on the port of Jaffa in the morning and conquered it by God’s will
in the third hour of that day. Then
he ordered the construction
of this dome over the blessed minaret and this doorway at this blessed mosque under the supervision of the one in need
of [lacuna where
the name of the supervisor
of the works has been effaced…
the year six and sixty] and
six hundred (ad 1268). May God
have mercy upon him and all Muslims. »
696/1297. Texte de construction 3 lignes sur le linteau de la porte est (ill.12)[6].
« (1) In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Has ordered the erection of this blessed mosque our lord the great Sulṭān al-Malik al-ʿĀdil
Zayn al-Dunyā waʾl-Dīn,
sultan of Islam and the Muslims, the reviver of (2) the justice in the two
world, just to the oppressed
by the oppressors, Kitbughā,
associate of the Commander of the Faithful
(the caliph) – may Allah strengthen his victories – and this under the governorship of the
servant who is in need for Allah, the most exalted, ʿAlī (3) bin Khalīl bin [c.18 words
missing], 697/1297–98 ».
714/1314. Texte de construction 5 lignes (90x48) au-dessus du portail ouest (ill.6)[7].
« (1) In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. May Allah’s prayer be upon
our lord Muḥammad.
(2) This blessed minaret (mādhana)
was built during the flourishing days of the sultanate (3) of
al-Malik Nāṣir al-Dunyā
waʾl-Dīn Abūʾl-Fatḥ
Muḥammad, son of the martyred
Sulṭān al-Malik (4) al-Manṣūr
Qalāʾūn — may
Allah prolong their rule over Islām! During the governorship of his highness, Alam [al-Dīn] al-Jāwulī,
(5) under the supervision of the needy
of the exalted God, Ḥasan b. Ilyās al-Salāwī, during the months of the year 714/1314, [(6)
under the management of the needy
of the exalted God, Yaqūb al-Shāwarī. Aḥmad b. Ilyās planned it, (7) during the incumbency of the needy of God,
Muḥammad b. Wazīr al-Adawī. May Allah forgive them all!] »
876/1471. Décret, 9 lignes sur le tympan du portail ouest (ill.5)[8].
« (1) Praise be to Allah. Has issued this sublime honourable decree, the great amīr Sayf Barqūq (2) al-Ashrafī, viceroy of Syria – may Allah strengthen his victories – to abolish the taxation
(jihāt al-maks) collected in the city
of (3) Ramla and other commercial goods
(aṣnāf) that
are coming from diverse
direction (jihāt) and are associated with the provinces of Damascus (4) and Gaza. He also ordered to abolish unjust taxes (maẓālim)
and to facilitate the travel
of merchants and travellers
who arrive either using the roads or the ports, so no one shall annoy them
(5) or demand from them neither … (inscription damaged at this point) … nor sugar, nor
cloths and nothing else. The procedure of (6) this decree [was
registered] in his [Barqūq’s] official annals
and in the annals of our
lord Sulṭān al-Ashraf Abī
al-Naṣr (7–8) Qāʾit
Bāy – may Allah perpetuate his noble kingship and the perpetuity of this [decree] until
the Day of Judgement. Qurʾān
2.177. This was written in
the month of Jumādā
I, 876 (Oct./Nov. 1471). And Praise be to Allah, He is Alone, and may Allah bless our lord Muḥammad, his family, companions,
and give them Peace ».
n.d. GM, décret 3 lignes à gauche sur le mur nord de la salle de prière (ill.13, 15)[9].
« Decreed upon the order of our honoured suprême lord, Sultan
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir, may
God exalt him! / ... the honoured stables
as they were accustomed to do on their way to Damascus accompanied by ... / and so forth; and hindering whoever opposes them in Ramla including customs duty (maks), which they were not accustomed
to ... »
Biblio complémentaire
Gibson/Vitto (1999)
Petersen (1995),
p.75-101
Rosen-Ayalon (2006),
p.67-83
Cytryn-Silverman
(2008), p.379-432
Cytryn-Silverman (2010), p.1-7
Petersen/Pringle (2021), p.204-222; 225-235
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1/ plan de la mosquée |
2/ vue de la mosquée depuis le sud-ouest |
3/ / vue de la mosquée depuis le nord-ouest |
4/ les inscriptions du portail d’accès ouest |
5/ décret daté 876/1471 sur le portail ouest |
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6/ l’inscription de construction datée 714/1314 sur
le portail ouest |
7/ vue de la façade sud |
8/ façade sud de la mosquée avec l’ancien accès de
l’église |
9/ la mosquée depuis le nord |
10/ vue de la façade est depuis le sud |
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11/ le mur est de la mosquée avec son inscription |
12/ l’inscription datée 696/1297 sur le mur est |
13/ les 2 inscriptions sur la façade nord |
14/ l’inscription datée 666/1268 à droite |
15/ le décret non daté à gauche |
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